sys.path
Python import
时会首先寻找 sys.path
中列出的路径,通常是这样:
>>> import sys
>>> '\n'.join(sys.path)
/usr/lib/python2.7
/usr/lib/python2.7/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-old
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
那么 Python 是如何获取 sys.path
的呢?根据 Python 的文档,首先是当前目录,然后是 PYTHONPATH
环境变量,再之后是安装时设置的默认目录,由 site
模块控制。
Python 在启动的时候会自动引用 site
模块,关于它是如何操作 sys.path
的,可以参考相关文档。
当然,你也可以手动操作 sys.path
,这同样会影响会话期间 Python 寻找包的行为。
__file__
属性在引用模块的时候,你可以检查其 __file__
属性,由此获知它在文件系统的安装位置。
在 Python 的文档中这样说到:
The
__file__
attribute is not present for C modules that are statically linked into the interpreter; for extension modules loaded dynamically from a shared library, it is the pathname of the shared library file.C 模块并没有
__file__
属性,因为它们通常是静态链接到解释器的;对于共享库动态加载的扩展模块,只有那个共享库所在的目录名。
例如:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.__file__
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute '__file__'
imp
模块Python 的 import 流程由 imp 模块 控制,因此我们可以完全自己手动控制库的 import 过程。
使用 imp.find_module
来寻找模块:
>>> import imp
>>> imp.find_module('numpy')
(None, '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/numpy', ('', '', 5))
当然,我们可以使用 imp.load_source
直接 import 某个包文件并指定其包名。
imp.load_source('module_name', 'module_full_path')
print(module_name)
如果在 Ubuntu 中自己手动编译安装 Python 有时会导致无法找到已安装的包是怎么回事呢?我们来看一下它们的 sys.path
:
>>> import sys
>>> '\n'.join(sys.path)
/usr/lib/python2.7
/usr/lib/python2.7/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-old
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
>>> import sys
>>> '\n'.join(sys.path)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
/usr/local/lib/python27.zip
/usr/local/lib/python2.7
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/plat-linux2
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/lib-tk
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/lib-old
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages
Ubuntu Python 会将包安装在 /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
,而自己编译的 Python 则会安装在 /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages
。因此需要手动修改 PYTHONPATH
环境变量来解决。
但是为什么 Ubuntu Python 的 sys.path
中会有 /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
?实际上它将它硬编码在 site.py
文件中了,首先看一下该文件顶部的注释:
For Debian and derivatives, this
sys.path
is augmented with directories for packages distributed within the distribution. Local addons go into /usr/local/lib/python/dist-packages, Debian addons install into/usr/{lib,share}/python/dist-packages
./usr/lib/python/site-packages
is not used.对于 Debian 及其衍生系统,
sys.path
中是否应该包含包路径是有争议的,本地扩展将安装在/usr/local/lib/python/dist-packages
,Debian 扩展将安装在/usr/{lib,share}/python/dist-packages
,而/usr/lib/python/site-packages
未被使用。
在来看它具体在代码中是怎样实现的:
def getsitepackages():
"""Returns a list containing all global site-packages directories
(and possibly site-python).
For each directory present in the global ``PREFIXES``, this function
will find its `site-packages` subdirectory depending on the system
environment, and will return a list of full paths.
"""
sitepackages = []
seen = set()
for prefix in PREFIXES:
if not prefix or prefix in seen:
continue
seen.add(prefix)
if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages"))
elif os.sep == '/':
sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib",
"python" + sys.version[:3],
"dist-packages"))
sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
"python" + sys.version[:3],
"dist-packages"))
else:
sitepackages.append(prefix)
sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages"))
if sys.platform == "darwin":
# for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
# locations.
from sysconfig import get_config_var
framework = get_config_var("PYTHONFRAMEWORK")
if framework:
sitepackages.append(
os.path.join("/Library", framework,
sys.version[:3], "site-packages"))
return sitepackages
参考:How Does Python Find Packages